中国的蘑菇产业蓬勃发展。过去25年来，中国的蘑菇产量增长了约150倍; 1977年，该国占蘑菇总产量的不到6％。今天，中国有3500多万人在蘑菇行业（包括食品行业）工作。2002年，中国占蘑菇总产量的70％以上（2013年 – 85％）; 只有5％出口（主要是日本），也有出口别国。
传统上，药用蘑菇通过烹饪在水中提取，形成一种茶或汤。这产生了从药用蘑菇简单在热水部分提取物 – 研究表明，现代提取方法可以产生更多的活性成分。
截至2015年，研究发现超过850种蘑菇物种的药效。
药用蘑菇已在中医药中使用了数千年（估计从3-7,000年不等）。神农本草经，包含中医本草都有记载。从公元600-1000年左右，中国人已经发现了许多药用和烹饪蘑菇的栽培技术，以满足日益增长的食品和强效药物的需求。
例如，著名的香菇（Lentinus edodes，Chinese：xiang gu）已经从公元前1000年广泛种植。
2013年，吴兴良，毛秀兰等 出版了中国药用真菌，835种药用菌种，超过500种具有抗肿瘤作用。参考书目是巨大的：作者在撰写本书时使用了大约2400篇科学文章，其中包括研究历史，化学成分和生物活性的介绍以及应用前景。不幸的是，这本书依然只有中文版本。
（哇塞，终于有一本重要文献我们不用翻译了，欢呼~~请问在哪能买到？）
蘑菇药用价值
虽然药用蘑菇已研发了数千年，但是当记录药用蘑菇的令人难以置信的治愈作用时，真菌学家和研究人员仍然只是触及到很表面的部分。从支持免疫系统和减缓肿瘤生长到改善皮肤，药用蘑菇都具有巨大的美化，恢复和治愈特性。
药用蘑菇有助于加强免疫系统，滋养神经系统，增加能量，减轻压力，肝脏解读，减少炎症，降低胆固醇，降低血压，维持健康的新陈代谢和平衡心情。
原文：Although they have been prescribed for thousands of years, mycologists and researchers are only scratching the surface when it comes to documenting the incredible healing properties of medicinal mushrooms. From supporting the immune system and slowing down tumor growth to improving the skin, medicinal mushrooms have an enormous range of beautifying, rejuvenating and healing properties.
Medicinal mushrooms help to strengthen the immune system, nourish the nervous system, increase energy, decrease stress, detoxify the liver, reduce inflammation, lower cholesterol, lower blood pressure, support a healthy metabolism and balance moods.
当你观察蘑菇时，你所看到的实际是蘑菇的果实。蘑菇由复杂的线状膜组成，称为菌丝体。肉眼看起来很像细棉线，但在显微镜下观察时，它们就像神经网络。药用蘑菇可以基于其生长环境来调节适应。
原文：When you look at the mushroom body, what you are actually seeing is their ‘fruit’. Mushrooms are composed of intricate thread-like membranes which are called mycelium. To the naked eye these look much like thin threads of cotton wool but when viewed under a microscope they resemble a network of nerves. Medicinal mushrooms are extremely adaptive depending on their growing environment.
虽然每种药用蘑菇都有自己的好处，但不同种类的蘑菇也有几种相似之处。大多数药用蘑菇具有增强免疫力的特性，并含有高水平的抗氧化剂，有助于抵抗自由基损伤。它们富含生物活性化合物，包括蛋白质，脂肪，生物碱，类黄酮，类胡萝卜素，叶酸，酶和有机酸以及维生素和矿物质。药用蘑菇含有包括β-葡聚糖在内的多糖物质。一些真菌学家甚至认为，身体很难通过免疫系统接受药用蘑菇中的多糖。
原文：While each species of medicinal mushroom has its own benefits, there are several similarities amongst many of the species. Most medicinal mushrooms have immune-enhancing properties and contain high levels of antioxidants that help to fight free radical damage. They are rich in bioactive compounds including proteins, fats, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, folates, enzymes, and organics acids as well as vitamins and minerals. Medicinal mushrooms contain polysaccharides, including beta-glucans. Some mycologists even suggest that the body is hard-wiredto accept polysaccharides from medicinal mushrooms through immune receptors.
一些具有抗癌潜力的药用蘑菇种类
（来自美国国家医学图书馆国家医学研究院文章和图像）
原文：Medicinal mushrooms are immune-modulators which means that they respond to the state of your immune system to provide the most appropriate immune response for your body and current health circumstances. They can help to strengthen the immune system and help the body to fight off colds, flu, viruses, and disease. The same applies when it comes to their adaptogenic qualities, as they can work with the body to help it to better cope with physical mental and environmental stresses.
药用蘑菇获得天然维生素D。
我们的身体能够从自然的阳光中吸收维生素D，但是我们也可以通过摄取药用蘑菇来获得维生素D。哈佛大学的研究人员估计，全球有超过10亿人缺乏维生素D，但这种缺乏维生素D对的症状往往很难发现，因为缺乏这种维生素所导致的症状都是很细微的，甚至是无任何症状，直到维生素D的供应量得变得非常低才会出现症状。严重缺乏维生素D可能导致思维不清晰，骨骼和肌肉疼痛，身体疲劳。这些症状最终可能使您面临骨质疏松症和免疫系统受损的风险。很少有维生素D形式的膳食，特别是如果你不吃那些动物身上提取出来的产品的话。事实上，蘑菇是维生素D来源食物中唯一的素食。
原文：A Natural Source of Vitamin D
Our body is able to absorb vitamin D from natural sunlight, but we can get dietary vitamin D by ingesting medicinal mushrooms. Researchers at Harvard University estimate that over 1 billion people worldwide are deficient in vitamin D, but deficiencies are typically hard to spot as a lack of this vitamin may cause subtle or no symptoms until supplies are running really low. Severe deficiency can lead to difficulty in thinking clearly, bone and muscle pain, and tiredness. These symptoms can eventually put you at risk for osteoporosis, and impaired immune systems. Dietary forms of vitamin D are rare to come by, particularly if you dont consume animal products. In fact, mushrooms provide one of the only vegan-friendly sources of vitamin D around.
（我们只希望买回来的蘑菇是没有被做过手脚的，是天然洁净的）
虽然这些蘑菇也许能够治愈我们的身体，从广义上说，他们也可以帮助解决世界上的某些问题。药用蘑菇可用于清理石油泄漏，过滤废水，甚至可以减少放射性污染。有人认为，药用蘑菇可以用于远距离太空旅行，以让其他星球变得适合人类生存。从身体的内部世界到外部世界，药用蘑菇具有大量人们无法忽视的改善健康的化合物，这是一个非常清楚的事实。
原文：While these mushrooms may be able to heal our bodies, on a broader scale they could also help to heal the world too. Medicinal mushrooms can be used to clean up oil spills, filter wastewater, and even reduce radioactive contamination. Some believe that medicinal mushrooms could be taken on long-distance space journeys to help terraform other planets. From inner world to outer world, one thing is clear, medicinal mushrooms contain a wealth of health-improving compounds that are too vast to ignore.
怎么选择最好的药用蘑菇
许多蘑菇需要仔细准备才能分解其细胞壁，去除毒素，并使蘑菇中的营养物质易于消化。 幸运的是，如果你购买预先准备好可以直接使用的药用蘑菇补充剂，您可以跳过这个耗时的过程。浓缩的提取物药效更高，因为原生的蘑菇被转化成营养更密集的粉末。一种粉末如果被列为10倍浓缩提取物，那么这就意味着将十磅蘑菇转化成一磅提取物粉末，因此每勺粉末的营养成分将高达原生蘑菇的十倍。药用蘑菇也制成了酊剂，胶囊，片剂和喷雾剂。
原文：Many of these mushrooms need to be carefully prepared in order to break down their cell walls, to remove toxins, and to make the nutrients in the mushrooms easily digestible. Luckily, you can skip this time-consuming process if you buy medicinal mushroom supplements which are pre-prepared and ready to use.
Concentrated extracts are particularly potent as the raw mushroom is transformed into a more nutrient-dense powder. If a powder is listed as a 10x concentrated extract it means that ten pounds of raw mushroom are transformed into one pound of extract powder, so you’ll receive ten times the amount of nutrients from the raw mushroom per spoonful. Medicinal mushrooms are also available in tincture, capsule, tablet, and spray format.
对于最高品质的蘑菇，请选野生的或者精心栽培的有机真菌。如果您无法在冬虫夏草、桦褐菌菇、银耳和云芝之间做出决定，那么您可以尝试一种蘑菇复合物，这是一种强大物质，混合了一些最强大的药用蘑菇物种。许多蘑菇协同作用，给免疫系统提供额外的支持。
原文：For the highest quality mushrooms, try and choose wildcrafted or organic fungi which are ethically grown or carefully cultivated as well as traditionally prepared. If you can’t decide between cordyceps and chaga or tremella and turkey tail, then you can try a mushroom complex which is a potent blend of some of the most powerful medicinal mushroom species around. Many of the mushrooms work synergistically, and will often provide additional immune support when taken together rather than separately.
如何使用药用蘑菇
粉状药用蘑菇有很多用途，因为它们可以很容易地加入到饮料和食品中。您可以将粉末混合成冰沙和果汁，在温水中搅拌，制作营养丰富的补品茶，或与其他滋补香草和超级食物混合，制成愈合药剂。
根据其味道和愈合特性，一些蘑菇如果以特定的形式准备的话可以更好的发挥其作用。例如，灵芝通常加在温水中制成灵芝茶，或添加到咖啡中制成营养丰富味道浓郁的饮品。冬虫夏草是一个很好的锻炼补充剂，所以可以在锻炼前添加到冰沙中或用于一些小吃店。粉状蘑菇提取物也可以作为素食菜肴的添加剂，这些素食菜肴包含蛋白球，蛋糕，调味汁，汤，调味剂，蘸汁，巧克力等。
原文：Powdered medicinal mushrooms are extremely versatile as they can be easily incorporated into drinks and foods. You can blend the powder into smoothies and juices, stir it in warm water to make a nutritious tonic tea, or mix it with other tonic herbs and superfoods to make a healing elixir.
Depending on their flavor profile and healing properties, some mushrooms work particularly well when prepared in certain ways. For example, reishi is commonly infused in warm water to make reishi tea, or added to coffee to make a rich and earthy brew. Cordyceps makes an excellent workout supplement, so it can be added to pre-workout smoothies or used in snack bars. Powdered mushroom extracts are also commonly used to add a dose of goodness to a range of plant-based, vegan and vegetarian dishes including protein bars and balls, cakes, sauces, soups, dresses, dips, chocolate and more.
药用蘑菇的副作用
药用蘑菇无毒无害，使用安全，大多数品种没有明确报道的副作用，但对于灵芝有研究表明，在抑制免疫系统的药物中或器官移植后使用灵芝可能会干扰其功能。不明智的过度食用会导致胃部不适，喉咙痛，皮疹，眩晕，失眠和心悸。由于没有证据表明灵芝在怀孕或哺乳期间的影响，所以我们建议论在这种特殊期间不要食用灵芝。所以在决定服用药用蘑菇补充剂之前，还是有一些需要考虑的事项。
原文：Medicinal mushrooms are non-toxic and safe to use, and most species have no reported side effects. However, there are some things to take into consideration before deciding to take medicinal mushroom supplements.
我们来听一下和芬兰种植蘑菇Tero Isokauppila家族的对话。自16世纪初以来，Tero Isokauppila的家族在芬兰拥有一个农场，在那里他花了他整个童年时间觅食蘑菇。 他从早期就开始接受了一些事物的治愈能力，不是因为对迷幻药物兴趣，而是因为家庭原因：他的父亲是一名农学家，他的母亲是护理老师。
把食物当做药物这件事，没有什么食物能比蘑菇更能概括这个概念，就像Tero所解释的那样，药用蘑菇给了我们许多重要的药物，从青霉素到第一种他汀类药物等
和 Tero Isokauppila 问答
为什么蘑菇有如此强大的治愈力量？它们最根本的好处是什么？
作为人类，我们和蘑菇的基因组成几乎有一半是一样的（真的吗？）。这是一个令人震惊的事实，并受到许多和蘑菇相同的疾病的影响。因此，我们可以轻松利用他们为自己建立的特殊免疫增强效益和它们一些其它的生存方法。
数千年来，世界各地的古老文化一直在利用蘑菇的治愈特性，并且没有任何副作用。所谓的药用蘑菇给了我们许多重要的药物，从青霉素到第一个他汀类药物和几种抗癌治疗方案。实际上现在有约40％的西药都使用了蘑菇。
原文：Why are mushrooms so healing? What’s so fundamentally beneficial about them?
Here’s a shocking fact: As humans, we share almost half of our genetic makeup with mushrooms, and are affected by a lot of the same diseases and problems as mushrooms. Thus, we can easily take advantage of the special immune-enhancing benefits and other survival methods that they buildfor themselves.For thousands of years, ancient cultures all over the world have been using the fundamentally healing properties of mushrooms without any side-effects. So-called medicinal mushrooms have given us many important pharmaceutical medicines from penicillin to the first statin drugs and several anticancer treatments. Actually about 40% of western medicines nowadays utilize mushrooms.
一些具有抗癌潜力的药用蘑菇
（来自美国国家医学图书馆国家医学研究院）
蘑菇的哪一部分是最有价值的？
整个蘑菇都是有价值的。蘑菇茎和蘑菇帽中的药效没有明显区别。我更喜欢使用整个蘑菇，把蘑菇的茎和帽都利用起来，而不浪费任何好的东西。
请记住，森林中的蘑菇或从杂货店购买的蘑菇是肉眼可见的真菌。蘑菇的根（菌丝体）是不应该吃的部分，尽管市场上的许多补充品和包装产品是由这种较便宜的菌丝体生物量制成的。子实体是真菌收集其所有能量的部分，就像苹果树收集的能量都在在我们所吃的苹果中一样。
原文：Which part of the mushroom is the most valuable?
The whole mushroom is valuable. There is not a defined difference in the medicinal effects present in the stem or the cap. I prefer to use the whole mushroom, thus combining both just to utilize it all and not waste any of the good stuff.Keep in mind that the mushroom is the visible part of the fungi in the forest (the fruiting body), or the kind you would buy from the grocery store. The root (the mycelium) is the part one shouldn’t eat, even though many supplements and capsulated products on the market are made from this cheaper mycelial biomass. The fruiting body is the part where the fungi collects all of its reproducing energy just like an apple tree collects it in the apple we eat.
是所有的蘑菇都有相同的治愈效果还是不同的种类有不同的疗效呢？
是的
原文：Do all mushrooms have the same healing properties, or are different varieties beneficial for specific things?
蘑菇脱水之后还和原来一样有益吗？
药用蘑菇——比如桦褐菌和灵芝——需要在热水和酒精中进行提取，以获得脂溶性化合物，让生物活性成可以被我们利用。用新鲜或脱水的蘑菇进行提取这个并不重要。
原文：Are mushrooms as beneficial when they’re dehydrated as when they’re fresh?
Medicinal mushrooms—like chaga and reishi—need to be extracted in hot water and alcohol in order to extract the fat soluble compounds and make the bioactive components bioavailable. It doesn’t matter if the extraction is done with fresh or dehydrated mushrooms.
这个过程并不复杂，但却需要很长时间。就像我们在家里做骨肉汤一样。基本上，你需要将蘑菇片煮12~24个小时，以获得可用的水溶性益处（主要适用于免疫系统）。这个过程称为煎煮。可溶性脂肪化合物（主要是辅助因子，有助于平衡激素）可以用酒精（称为酊剂）提取，将与你所烹制的蘑菇相同的蘑菇片放入高浓度酒精中提取4-8周。
原文：The process is not overly-complicated, but it does take a long time. It’s almost like making bone broth at home. Essentially, you need to cook/boil the mushroom pieces for 12 to 24 hours for the water soluble benefits to become available (mostly good for the immune system). This is called the decoction. The fat soluble compounds (mostly adaptogenic which help balance the hormones) can be extracted with alcohol (called tincture) by putting the same mushroom pieces you had cooked into any strong alcohol for 4-8 weeks.
如果用诸如牛肝菌的食用蘑菇提取，脱水后蘑菇味道浓缩。即使是食用的蘑菇，当他们与一些脂肪（比如椰子油，酥油等）一起煮熟时，蘑菇中的味道和那些健康益处也会被释放，因为他们的一些治愈能力在脂溶性化合物中也存在，就像大部分药用树菇。
原文：With edible mushrooms like porcini, the flavors tend to become concentrated when dehydrated. Even edible mushrooms unlock their flavor and health benefits when they are cooked with some fat (coconut oil, ghee, etc.) as a lot of their power is also in the fat soluble compounds, like with the more medicinal tree mushrooms.
如果你在阳光直射的时候干燥任何蘑菇，它们会将太阳的紫外线转变成维生素D，这是一件非常棒的事。维生素D是世界上研究最多的化合物之一，因为许多人都缺乏这种维生素。蘑菇也是补充维生素D最好的也是唯一的来源
原文：If you dry any mushroom in direct sunlight, they convert the sun’s UV-rays into vitamin D, which is a great thing. Vitamin D is one ofthe most studied compounds in the world for our health, as many people are actually deficient in it. Mushrooms are also one of the only and best sources of vegan vitamin D supplementation.
Pioppino菇
您提到一些味道较浓的蘑菇（灵芝，桦褐菌）的健康益处更多，那么一些如白洋菇这种种植蘑菇对我们有好处吗？
我们都知道吃起来味道像药这种说法，味道较浓而且有点苦涩的蘑菇也是这样。每个蘑菇品种之间有差异，有些含有更多的健康成分，这可以通过其苦味来加以鉴别。现在，利用优化的蘑菇栽培技术，不管蘑菇是野生的还是人工培植的，都没有太大的区别。例如，在温室内真实木材上生长的灵芝与野生灵芝一样有效。在农场种植的白洋菇或Portobello蘑菇仍然是一种很好的食物，其中含有一些有价值的营养，但比起其他更有药效的品种，它们还算不上药用蘑菇。
原文：We all know the saying tastes like medicine, and the same goes with strong tasting, bitter mushrooms. There are differences between each mushroom species, and some contain more of the healthy components, which can be identified by their bitter taste. With today’s optimized cultivation techniques it doesn’t make a big difference with most mushrooms if the species are wild-crafted or cultivated. For example reishi mushrooms grown on real logs in greenhouses are as potent as the wild ones.
White button mushrooms or Portobello mushrooms cultivated on farms can still be great food and contain some valuable nutrients, but they are not even close to as medicinal as the more potent species are.
为了提取出蘑菇的价值，需要将它们进行烹饪吗?如果要，什么样的准备工作最好？
蘑菇的细胞壁由我们的消化系统不能分解的硬化合物组成，和龙虾壳的组成物质是同样的成分：甲壳素，我打赌你也不想咀嚼这种物质。好消息是，高热量会熔化这些物质，并使有益成分从细胞内溶解。该过程有点类似于做骨肉汤。特别是药用蘑菇，它们通常是木质和硬质的多孔菌，必须在水中煮沸数小时才能获得其中的营养价值。
原文：Do mushrooms need to be cooked in order to extract their value? If so, what preparation is best?
The cell walls of mushrooms consist of a hard compound which our digestive system cannot break down. It is the same stuff that lobster shell is made of, chitin, which I bet you wouldn’t want to chew on either. The good news is that high heat melts this down and allows the good stuff to dissolve from within the cells. The process is somewhat similar to making bone broth.The medicinal mushrooms, in particular, are most often woody and hard polypores—they have to be boiled for several hours in water to get the value out of them.
对于一些柔软的蘑菇，如洋菇或牛肝菌，在酸性液体中长时间腌制，可以照顾到蘑菇本身，不过将这些食用蘑菇中的任何一种煮沸，油炸或蒸可以确保我们获得蘑菇中的所有营养以及我们想在蘑菇中获得的健康效益。
用柠檬或醋腌汁往往是烹饪蘑菇最流行的方式。香料是处理蘑菇的艺术形式，但人们往往选择加入盐，胡椒，油和新鲜的草药。你也可以用大豆。蘑菇通常留在腌汁液中腌制1-12小时（不要把它们放在腌料中超过24小时）。基本上，这需要大量的实验来确定腌制的调味，蘑菇的类型和烹饪的方式。
（此类方法不建议随意尝试哦请咨询蘑菇专家）
原文：For some of the soft mushrooms, such as button mushrooms or porcini, a good, long marinating in an acidic liquid can take care of some of this cooking, but exposing any of these edible mushrooms to heat by boiling, frying, or steaming will ensure that we get all of the nutrition and health effects we are looking for.
Lemon or vinegar based marinades tend to be the most popular ones. The spice part is a whole art form, but usually people add salt, pepper, oil, and fresh herbs. You could also use soy. The mushrooms are typically left in the marinade liquid for 1-12 hours (I wouldn’t keep them in the marinade for more than 24 hours). Essentially, it requires a lot of experimentation with flavor, type of mushroom, and the dish they are served with.
理想情况下，我们应该多久吃一次蘑菇？ 有什么方法可以将它们添加到日常生活中吗？
你应该把你的免疫系统看作肌肉：你的工作的越频繁，它的功能就越好。因为蘑菇给免疫系统可以给免疫系统一个安全范围内的锻炼，我们每天摄入药用蘑菇是有益健康的，有时可以小剂量，有时需要大剂量，摄入量要取决于我的身体状况。
原文：You should think of your immune system as a muscle: The more you work it out, the better it will function. Because mushrooms give the immune system a safe workout, I find it beneficial to ingest medicinal mushrooms daily, sometimes small doses, sometimes big, depending on what my body is telling me.
将蘑菇添加到日常生活中最简单的方法是提供药用蘑菇的现成提取物。这些粉末可以简单地溶于热水中，或加入到日常吃的冰沙中。还有几种封装的蘑菇产品：它们可以大剂量使用，不过食用这种蘑菇不会有太大的愉悦感，因为他们的味道不怎么样。
原文：The easiest way to add mushrooms to the daily routine is with ready-made extracts of medicinal mushrooms. These powders can be simply dissolved in hot water, or added to a daily smoothie. There are also several encapsulated mushroom products: They can be potent in big doses, but they are not as fun to use and they skip an essential part of our body’s natural recognizing system, which is the taste buds.
（图像配图或者文字翻译有误之处还请指正，谢过）
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